Sociology and Pupils Essay - 1234 Words

Nazeefah Nazir Ali Outline some of the ways in which labelling process may lead to educational under-achievement for some people The explanations of differential educational achievement that have been examined so far suggest that pupils’ progress is influenced by factors over which they have little control. Yet the most obvious place to look for explanations is within the education system. Schools play an important role in determining the success of failure of an individual’s education. There are many factors which lead to the under achievement for some people, these fall under three main categories Genetic, External and Internal. The focus of my essay will be to outline factors leading to under achievement through internal factors.†¦show more content†¦They are interested in how people attach labels and the effects this has on those who are labelled. Becker (1971) based on interviews with 60 Chicago high school teachers it was found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted the image of the ideal pupil. Pupils work conduct and appearances were key factors influencing teachers’ judgements, those from Middle Class backgrounds were closer to the ideal pupil than Working Class. In relation to this Keddies study reflected how Labelling can be applied not just to pupils but also to the knowledge they are taught. Classes are streamed by ability and Keddy found that although teachers believed they were teaching all pupils in the same way, the higher streams were given more abstract, theoretical and high status knowledge. The less able streams were given descriptive common sense knowledge which created differences in educational attainment. Labelling then leads on to Self fulfilling prophecies, it is a prediction that comes true simply by being labelled as much. Interactionists argue that labelling can affect pupils’ achievement by creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. Hargreaves used an example to illustrate the self-fulfilling prophecy. Firstly he speculated how the teacher labels a pupil and on the basis of this label they make predictions about them. The teacher then treats the pupil accordingly, acting as if the prediction is already true. The step is Stabilisation; the pupilShow MoreRelatedInvestigating What Macro-sociological Approaches and Micro-sociological Approaches Tells Us About Student Under-achievement in School850 Words   |  4 Pagesand Micro-sociological Approaches Tells Us About Student Under-achievement in School Macro-sociology approaches offer explanations for social phenomena in terms of the way in which social systems work as a whole. Micro-sociology gives explanations in terms of how people make things happen by interpreting their experience and acting on their interpretations. Macro-sociology divides into consensus and conflict approaches. The former view society as similar to the humanRead MoreEducation and Socialisation Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesrole in adult life. School provides the future workforce with the basic skills required to enable them to respond toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦constantly changing occupational requirements (Bilton, Bonnet, Jones, Stanworth, Sheard Webster, Introductory Sociology, 1987, Pg.308). Parsons believed that school is a meritocracy and, regardless of class, those with the ability to do well will flourish, entering the workforce at a more specialised level and those without that ability will do less Read MoreDescribe the Functionalist (Emile Durkheim), Conflict (Marxist) and Interactionist approach to the Socialization of Education.877 Words   |  4 Pagesperspective on education differs in three crucial ways from both the conflict and functionalism perspectives. - It adopts a micro sociological approach whereas Marxism and Functionalism adopt a macro sociological approach. That is, interactionist sociology of education is concerned above all else with classroom interactions between students and teachers; not with broader questions about the functions and (economic) class analysis of education. The focus then, is on what goes on in classrooms everyRead MoreTo What Extent Does Social Class Affect the Success and Experience of Young People in Education?1570 Words   |  7 Pagessocial class affects educational achievement, treatment by teachers and whether a young person is accepted into higher education. â€Å"34.6 per cent of pupils eligible for free school meals (FSM) achieved five or more A*-C grades at GCSE or equivalent including English and mathematics GCSEs, compared to 62.0 per cent of all other pupils† (Attew, 2012). Pupils eligible for FSM are those whose families earn less than  £16,000 a year (Shepherd, J. Sedghi, A. and Evans, L. 2012). Thus working-class young peopleRead MoreThe Contribution of Functionalist Sociology to an Unders tanding of the Role of Education in Society1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe Contribution of Functionalist Sociology to an Understanding of the Role of Education in Society Works Cited Missing Schools serve a function in a complex industrial society that family and peer groups cannot ( Durkheim,1956) Education is important in society. The structure and processes of education systems are related to the general process of socialisation. All sociologists agree with this, but sociologists have many different views about how societies are structuredRead MoreAsses the Functionalist Role of Education in Society Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pagesor aspects of society work together. There are several perspectives on the sociology of education that are important. The perspective in which we are going to be looking at and testing is Functionalism. We will also be examining arguments and evidence against the functionalist perspective such as Marxism and the New Right perspective. The French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1903), the founder of functionalist sociology, identified two main functions of education; creating social solidarity andRead MoreThe Article, Written By Patron, G916 Words   |  4 Pagesmore children are being taught in mixed ability classrooms and how it impacts the brighter students and over all school performance. The article suggests that brighter pupils can be held back by their weaker classmates. The recently published research work by the Royal Economic Society showed that a large number of low achieving pupils in class had negative impact on the bright children’s performance. The data about mixed ability classroom was released by Ofsted, after question by conservative MP forRead MoreHuman Nature And Four Types Of Determinism1551 Words   |  7 Pagescalled, Nudge by Richard Thaier and Cass Sustein, where a group of men were shown multiple pictures of the same women with different sized pupils. The men were more sexually aroused by the women with dilated pupils more so than the woman with normal sized pupils. The response from the men showed that they had no control over how they reacted because the dilated pupils stimulated a biological part of the brain that is sensed when a woman is sexually aroused (Eaglemen). Evolutionary Determinism; Most likelyRead More Examine the reasons for changes in the educational attainment of males1017 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween the number of male teachers in a school and the performance of its pupils in Key stage 2 tests. However, B. G. Licht and C. S. Dweck found that boys are more often criticised by their teachers and therefore developed negative feelings towards schooling (Licht Dweck, 1989). This view is supported by research carried out by the Sackville GCSE Sociology Group. In 1995, a 10% representative sample of pupils at the school were asked about their perceptions of the differences in theRead MoreSchool Observation And Comparison With Japan777 Words   |  4 Pages Thus far, we mainly looked three aspects of IWB by literature review, school observation and comparison with Japan. In the literature review, I mentioned the difference of pupils’ increased motivation one with the â€Å"novelty value of ICT† and other with the comprehensibility. In the observation, an example of the efficient innovation of IWB in classroom, supporting system and teacher training were described. And in comparison part, the problem of a technical (but a fundamental) issue that leads the

What is Cancer - 1249 Words

The word Cancer means a group of diseases that are characterized by unrestrained cellular development. It It refers to cellular intrusion into neighboring tis-sues and may turn into metastasise if not treated at early stage. The most widely diagnosed malignancy in males is prostate cancer. Peripheral zone of the gland is the place where prostate cancers are generally found. It constitutes a dense arrangement of cancerous epithelial cells commonly in small form, penetrating glands with a symmetrical de-crease in stromal volume [2]. B. Lee et al. [3] used tissue bio-impedance to differentiate between the diseases because morphological differences between normal and malignant prostate tissue are present and sensitivity of electrical im-pedance spectra to cellular structure was known. Bio-impedance is one of the properties referred to a tissue’s re-sistance when electrical current flows in the tissue. It also means the ability of tissue to store electrical charges. Bio-impedance n ormally depends on spacing of cells, cellular density and size, and the components of the extracellular ma-trix (ECM). Differences between the malignant and benign tissue impedance of can be a distinguishing criteria for pathological procedures for cancer detection [1]. Actually, it was shown by Skourou et al. [4] that when there is tumor, the tissue impedance may be more sensible than conventional imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound imaging. Normal and neo-plasticShow MoreRelatedCancer : What Causes It?1077 Words   |  5 PagesCancer is a tragedy that has affected families around the world for thousands of years. This disease has been a mystery, until recent discoveries have begun to unravel its origins, treatments, and causes. Cancer is important to understand because it’s vast impact on the world today. There are ways to lower the chances of getting cancer as well as removing it. Anyone is capable of getting cancer but the three main facto rs that can cause it is genetic traits, life choices, and environmental surroundingsRead MoreWhat Are Cervical Cancer?2935 Words   |  12 Pages Abstract (TBD) Background: What is Cervical Cancer? This year alone approximately 12,360 documented new cases of cervical cancer in the United States and 4,020 deaths according to National Cancer Institute (â€Å"Cervical Cancer†, 2014). Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer that grows in the tissues of the cervix (an organ that connects the uterus and vagina). The disease is predominantly caused by the human papillomavirus infection (HPV). According to the Center for Disease Control and PreventionRead MoreWhat Is Cervical Cancer?2614 Words   |  11 PagesBackground: What is Cervical Cancer? This year alone approximately 12,360 documented new cases of cervical cancer in the United States and 4,020 deaths according to National Cancer Institute (â€Å"Cervical Cancer†, 2014). 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They also keep multiplyingRead MoreWhat Is Breast Cancer?937 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women in the United States. Up to 6% of breast cancers are advanced or metastatic at the time of diagnosis, requiring chemotherapy1, 2. Aberrant, accelerated growth is a hallmark of cancer3, including breast cancer. The rapid expansion of treatments targeted to aberrant cell growth – for example, cell cycle targeted chemotherapies for the treatment of met astatic breast cancer – allows for preciseRead MoreWhat Is Atherosclerosis And Cancer?732 Words   |  3 PagesThis paper indicates a mechanism to target disease sites in diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer, which are sources of TNFa. If a cell is engineered to seek TNFa sources like those in cancer and atherosclerosis, they could be utilized as a targeted therapy. In order to accomplish this a system of engineered proteins was utilized TNFa chimeric receptor (namedTNFR1chi), a previously engineered Ca2+-activated RhoA (named CaRQ), vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G (VSVG), and thymidine kinaseRead MoreLung Cancer : What Causes It?1420 Words   |  6 PagesLung cancer is any type of cancer that begins in the lungs, although it is still considered lung cancer after it spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the U.S. and worldwide. Forty percent of people will be diagnosed with lung cancer within their life span. Lung cancer, as with all cancers, is very complex, so the best way to comprehend it is to break it down into easily analyzed topics. The first topic that must be analyzed is cancer as a whole-whatRead MoreWhat Causes Lung Cancer?1587 Words   |  7 Pages12/08/2015 What Causes Lung Cancer besides Smoking Many of us believe that cigarettes are main causes of Lung cancer however lung cancer can be caused by exposure to asbestos, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, Radiation therapy to the lungs, Radon gas (radioactive gas) or Family history of lung cancer. Lung cancers it can also affect non-smokers (Secondhand smoke) as result of breathing .Every year, more people die of lung cancer than any other types of cancer suchRead MoreOvarian Cancer What is Ovarian Cancer? Ovarian cancer is the abnormal growth of malignant cells900 Words   |  4 PagesOvarian Cancer What is Ovarian Cancer? Ovarian cancer is the abnormal growth of malignant cells in the ovaries, the egg (ovum) producing part of the female reproductive system. Often, Ovarian cancer goes undetected until it has metastasized (spread) to the pelvis and abdomen. At this late stage, this cancer is difficult to treat. Ovarian Cancer ranks as the 11th most common cancer among women, and it is the 5th leading cause of cancer-related death for women. What different types of ovarian cancersRead MoreWhat Makes You Have Cancer?1025 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"You have Cancer.† A single sentence that is among the most devastating words one could hear from a doctor today. They immediately cause one to go into shock then fear then shock, swinging back and forth like a pendulum in an old clock. Suddenly, time becomes the most valuable resource known to man and one will sacrifice everything else to get more. Cancer, has followed me through life almost like my own shadow, never truly touching me but gripping those I love. Who knew that three years ago sitting

Communication and popular culture Essay Example For Students

Communication and popular culture Essay The first is the use of the word understanding. One definition of understanding is the power of comprehending; esp the power to make experience intelligible by applying concepts and categories1. There are numerous theories and arguments surrounding popular culture, and as such it could be argued that we still do not truly understand it.  Secondly, comes the assumption that the reader agrees with the suggestion that Barthes writings on myth did in fact have an impact on the way we assess popular culture. There are several facts that can be used to highlight this point. For example, it could be argued that as Barthes did not have a following of thinkers who modelled their own theories after his, and that as such there is no recognised term as Barthesism, that Barthes work was not as important as and lacked the visibility of Karl Marx, and could therefore be considered unimportant in comparison. In light of this, this essay will instead look at the ways in which Barthes work has changed the ways in which we look at popular culture, and aims to answer the question, To what extent did Roland Barthes concept of myth influence the ways in which we examine popular culture?.  What is myth?  In addition to the usual meanings of folklore, legends and superstitions, myth has gained several other connotations in modern theory. In particular, Barthes states that myth is the result of ideology it is a socially and historically determined idea which has gained the status of accepted truth. Barthes most widely read book, Mythologies, is a collection of 54 feature articles written by Barthes between 1954-1956 for Les Lettres Nouvelles entitled Mythologies du Mois, with the addition of a closing essay called Le Mythe, Aujourdhui. In this conclusion, Barthes interprets myth as:  a system of communication, that it is a message which cannot possibly be an object, a concept, or an idea; it is made of signification, a form  The consequence of this, then, is that everything can be a myth.  Anything that has meaning has the potential of becoming mythical. This means that there is no need to separate between both linguistic and visual representations they are both signs of meaning and equally constitute a language-object. Barthes icons  Clearly, Barthes did not pull his theories out of nowhere his thoughts were influenced by great theorists that came before him. The two most significant to Barthes were Ferdinand Saussure and Claude Levi-Strauss.  Numerous structuralist scholars were influenced by Saussures work on structural linguistics, and Barthes was no exception indeed, he is the most popular scholar to expand on Saussures concepts to interpret cultural instances as codes. The foundation of Saussures theories was that meaning is made through difference -something only has a meaning when we can determine something it is not (for example, a dog is a furry, four-legged creature that is not a cat; a man is not a woman). Barthes took Saussures linguistic system of langue and parole and adopted it within the social dimension. Lvi-Strauss was an anthropologist who applied Saussures theories to his own area of study (such as kinship). He believed that Although they belong to another order of reality, kinship phenomena are of the same type as linguistic phenomena5. Lvi-Strauss believed that there would be one standardised system connecting all myths and societies, and Barthes adopted this approach.  Barthes and Lvi-Strauss came up with fairly similar ideas, and it seems accepted that Barthes would be attracted to his findings of similarities structural elements in the lives and tales of varied tribes. Lvi-Strauss wrote: With myth, everything becomes possible. But on the other hand, this apparent arbitrariness is belied by the astounding similarity between myths collected in widely different regions Barthes built upon the work of his icons he did not believe in adopting inferred ideologies, regardless of their source. With Saussure, Barthes introduced the idea of the motivated in as a concept in between the icon and the arbitrary. With Lvi-Strauss work, Barthes wanted to look at all past and future works through the language the authors used, arguing that authors could not help but be no more than expressions of the times and cultures they lived in. .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 , .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 .postImageUrl , .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 , .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910:hover , .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910:visited , .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910:active { border:0!important; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910:active , .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910 .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u64e0c064567beb619e8d6b87a38d2910:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music App. Notes EssayBarthes and the schools of thought  Barthes insightful criticism contributed greatly to the development of various theoretical schools in particular, Semiotics and Post-Structuralism.  Post-Structuralists rejected the idea of an underlying structure upon which meaning can sit, unchanged. Meaning is always in process. Within post-structuralism is the belief that the situation is more complex than Saussures theory of the signifier, signified and the sign suggests. In The death of the author, Barthes argues that a text is:  a multidimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash. The text is a tissue of quot ations drawn from the innumerable centres of culture  In other words, only a reader can bring a temporary unity to a text there are numerous readings to a text, dependent on the person reading it. Barthes also merged Marxist theories relating to commodity fetishism with Post-Structuralist ideas, bringing into world-view the relationship between consumerism and the realm of the sign. In addition, whilst Levi-Strauss worked in search of a universality or standardisation throughout all the many types of myths, Barthes focussed on the possibility of difference as a role of language. In this way, Barthes became a link between Structuralism and Post-Structuralism. In Elements of Semiology, Barthes introduced four classifications (terms borrowed from linguistics) of elements that make up the process of semiological analysis10. These applications of concepts of language/speech, signifier/signified, syntagm/system and denotation/connotation surely changed the ways in which Semiologists worked -he introduced a new process of analysis which is still used to this day.  Barthes influences in effect today  Whilst Barthes influence is mostly found within the aforementioned theoretical fields, it is also felt in any field relating to the representation of information computers, photography, film, television, music and literature. In media and communication studies, the main reason that Barthes work can be considered critical is that he related linguistic rules to cultural codes. Barthes biographer argues that in France, Mythologies did not simply influence scholars, journalists and critics, but novelists and filmmakers of the Neuvelle Vague.  Barthes influence is not just limited to the disciplines of media the concept of myth also crosses over to politics. The myth function allows interpretation to become fact; this transforms the cultural into the natural and can be argued to be a political practice. Building on Barthes, Weber talks about the theory of unconscious ideology- an ideology which has no formal name and as such is difficult to identify: it is the commonsense foundation of our world views which are beyond debate.  Although there is no one canon of thought within his theory, Barthes is arguably one of the most influential scholars in the area of mass communication and popular culture.

Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine Essay Example

Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine Paper Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine. Despite this similarity, the two magazines are significantly different in many terms of the language framework. The combination of a similarity and a variety of key differences makes the two magazines especially appropriate for comparison and analysis. The magazine appears to appeal to a younger generation of readers than Edge, which is particularly evident from the framework features of lexis and graphology contained within the text. Lexis The complexity of language found in Games Master is somewhat inferior to that in Edge. Propulsion and innovative are examples of lexis which are not comparable to the lexical elevation of Edge. There are also items which suggest Games Masters intended audience, like emotive language often used to modify verbs and nouns. Examples of this are dribs, drabs, zipping, whizzing, toxicity and thwack among many others. The words present a sense of comparative informality which would appeal to a younger audience, rather than older one. The amount of specialist lexis is relatively reasonable (see Pie Chart Analyses) but also lacks the elevation of that in Edge. Gameplay is the most complex of these words in Games Master which strongly suggests the magazines audience as the casual gamer. By this I mean a person who has no interest in the technical aspect of games reviewing and only the games more interesting aspects. Grammar The most noticeable difference between Games Master and Edge is the sentence length and structure. Games Master never uses any short sentences, but instead longer ones to suit the method of review. While Edge based its review on the history of the game and its main advantages and flaws, Games Master produces a more in-game and storytelling review. We will write a custom essay sample on Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Games Master, like Edge, is a multi-format magazine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because of this, the text flows avoiding constant interruption by the full stop. An example of the sentence length is in When Mario is wrongly convicted of vandalism on his arrival, hes forced to use Flood to clean up the mess as part of his community service: and so begins a long chase to find the real culprit in each of the games worlds. I initially believed Edge would contain the longest sentences due to its formal nature, but instead uses complex phonological and lexical techniques such as cohesion. Games Master is the opposite and contains long sentences with no hidden framework techniques and a less direct approach. Whereas Edge is direct in its points, Games Master uses metaphorical and imaginative terms to describe things. The following is two extracts from Edge and Games Master, reviewing the game in comparison to imitators, reinforcing this theory: (See overleaf for quote comparison). Games Master: Nintendo developers somehow manage to pour buckets of curdled shame on their competitors. Edge: Everyone was waiting for Nintendos guiding light, and it arrives, and its far above its imitators, but someway below its inspiration. Apart from biased implications, the differences are obvious. Games Masters metaphoric language suits its audience well by producing a more reader friendly image. The relative formality of Edge can also be seen in this example. Graphology The graphological features of Games Master are important in distinguishing its intended audience. The amount of images (information extracted from Pie Chart Analyses Section) is particularly useful. Their number causes them to dominate the page, patronising the text, but their placements are also important. Instead of the harmonic order found in Edge, Games Masters screenshots are littered about on tilted angles with a relative lack of structure. Of course, this makes the page more appealing, especially to the younger eye. Another important feature lacked by both Edge and FHM is the appearance of the games character, twice on the first two pages. The character, Mario, dominates the first page in the form of a blown up screenshot extract. This signifies the intended audience and lays the foundation of the reviews style (basic with a low specialised lexis count). However, the most important feature is the award that is given to the game, situated on the first page Gaming Masterpiece. In my opinion, this is an indicator of the magazines relatively informal format as it is an encouragement for the audience to read the review, and which particularly draws younger readers into it something which formal articles, broadsheet newspapers as an example, do not use. In reinforcement, this award system is also used by FHM who use Game of the Month. In relation to these two, Edge expectantly does not use such a system, and the games review score even takes a subsidiary role. In relation to this feature, the use of fact boxes suggests similar things. An example of this in Games Master can be found on the second page in the top right. The contents are not even particularly relevant and even quite abstract, but it is this kind of item which attracts a young audience. The review is completed with a review box situated at the bottom right of the final page. It is divided into the three key parts of games review, which is a feature confirming tabloid similarity in terms of subtitles. They are used for easy reference which suggests the audience of Games Master is of lower education than Edge, which strictly structures all of its points within the main review, and lacks a review box. The subtitle structure is also used in the main review, and gives very general ideas upon what the following section is about, exactly like a tabloid newspaper. Phonology Onomatopoeia is the key phonological feature of the Games Master review. This is directly linked to the lexical use of a magazine with a young audience. The following are examples of onomatopoeia in Games Master. Zipping, gloop, thwack, zip and swoosh. All of these words are informal and resultantly make phonology another feature which suggests the youth or education of the audience. The Games Master whole text also appears to portray a much more spoken tone than that of Edge which contributes to its high readability. An example of this is the instructive, but humorous sentence, Dont get Yoshi wet! Use his regurgitastic spit. But dont even think of chucking on a constable, like us. Helpfully, this sentence also contains further implications which would fall into sections of lexis and grammar, but have been mentioned here due to their relevance to the section of phonology. Firstly, the type and level of humour is that which would amuse readers of an early age (8 -14 years). The humour is based around one of the games characters spitting ability and the magazine focuses upon using this upon a policeman, which is something a young person might feel rebellious doing, thus producing an element of humour. Secondly, the non-dictionary lexical item of regurgitastic is used. The word itself shares the suffix of the adverb fantastic and thus exaggerates the dictionary word, regurgitate. The suffix tastic replaces the previous one of tate. The word now appears much more interesting and appealing to the younger audience. Thirdly, the use of the exclamation mark, ! , adds a degree of humorous instruction to the sentence and contributes to its spoken tone. A final point on this sentence is its ending, like us, which serves the purpose of encouraging the reader to do what has previously been said. Although they jokingly warn against it, the rebellious implications of the sentence will make the reader do it (spitting on the policeman) and the like us ending will simply cause the reader to want to follow the magazines example. Discourse The audience of Games Master is significantly confirmed by the magazines lexical use and phonological features. The tone is generally spoken in order to involve the audience more and particularly to appeal to their youth. Elements such as pronouns, exclamation marks and humour echo this theory. Games Masters purpose is to inform in a humorous way. However, it differs from Edge because it strongly bases its informing upon the games storyline rather than Edges tendency to cover how good the game is which is the point of a review.